Introduction

Climate of Cyprus

Questionnaire

Techniques Used in Historical and Traditional Houses

Comfort Zone of Cyprus

Passive Solar Systems

Construction Decisions

Monitoring of the Experimental Solar House

Conclusions
Passive Solar Architecture in Cyprus


Monitoring of the Experimental Solar House

Upon construction of the Experimental Solar House, careful monitoring was pursued, in order to measure its performance in use. Through monitoring the house from the 27/11/1999 until 18/12/2001, using computer data loggers, the following can be concluded:
  • The maximum temperature difference between indoor and outdoor temperatures, in the non-habitation period was 10ÆC
  • The maximum temperature difference between indoor and outdoor temperatures, in the inhabitant period was 10-15ÆC
  • The internal temperature and relative humidity throughout the year remained steady (within the thermal comfort limits), despite the instability of external temperatures and humidity percentages.
  • Fans needed to be used from the 5th of July till the 20th of August (maximum internal temperature was 31_C).
  • Heating needed for 30 days between December and February (minimum internal temperature 17_C). The only source of heating was the fireplace that proved satisfactory.
  • Daytime ventilation (opening of windows and doors) during the summer caused indoor temperatures to rise unsatisfactorily (up to 36_C, depending from the external temperatures)
  • Once the pergola and the Venetian blinds were installed, temperatures remained at a steady and comfortable level (importance of shading devices)
  • The house functioned properly with only a few minutes attention every day, in order to build fires, and operate windows
  • Internal relative humidity daily swings were noted at 2-20% (within the comfort zone)
  • The Experimental Solar House averages an average energy cost of í26 a month (much lower than that of a contemporary Cypriot house)
  • Once the photovoltaic system was installed, this figure reduced to í13 a month.
  • The domestic hot water needs were covered 100% by the solar hot water collectors.
  • In order to cover cooling potential 100% the pergola and vegetation are necessary
  • To cover heating potential 100%, various thermal storage techniques must be incorporated in order to excuse the lack of thermal mass through carpeting and wall coverings (artwork)
  • A tent, vegetation or a permanent overhang is more suitable than the pergola, since they would allow shade in the summer, and solar radiation in the winter
  • The spacing near the ceiling (around clerestory window) should be covered by building transparent coverings in the winter, in order to avoid a heat sink effect
  • It is important to supervise construction closely, in order to ensure design is followed accurately.
  • Once thermal mass effects, exposed mass and night purge ventilation, passive solar heating and natural ventilation, comfort percentages rise exceedingly higher than that of a contemporary home.
  • The average total projected energy consumption of the experimental building developed in the research is 44 kWh/m2 per year. This is only about 25% of the typical consumption in residential buildings in Cyprus.
  • The levels of daylight in the living spaces were very satisfactory.
  • Overheating did not occur throughout the whole year.
  • Condensation did not occur throughout the whole year




Through monitoring, a few problems, or errors were also noted. These include:

  • Ventilation problems arose sometimes in the summer. This was because there was insufficient breeze during the summer period. The solution was to operate the ceiling fans at specific times.
  • Overheating occurred on a few summer days. The main reason is the lack of shading on the ground floor, since one of the shading devices is vegetation. The trees have not grown enough to provide adequate shade.
  • Internal Venetian blinds were placed in the east and west windows. External blinds would have been more efficient.
  • The glass door of the entrance broke in the winter and cold draughts were formed through the wooden entrance door. It took two months to replace the glass door.
  • To achieve sufficient heating in the bedrooms in the winter the doors of the bedrooms have to be kept open, which results in the lack of privacy of the occupants. The same happens in the summer. A grill can be placed on the doors, to allow sufficient natural cross ventilation, and sustaining optic privacy.
  • The sunspace in the lobby was not entirely successful. In the summer months the sunspace overheated. Fan induced ventilation is needed or the glass door should always be kept open in the summer.
  • Constructors did not follow accurate design, thus creating problems on matters such as the size of windows. Tight on-site supervision is particularly important in low-energy buildings.
  • The monitored temperature and relative humidity of the Experimental Solar House showed that they are within the thermal comfort zones proposed by the charts.
  • Comparative annual energy use was performed using computer simulation software Energy 10.
  • Contemporary house (368 kWh/mÇ) versus Traditional (243 kWh/mÇ)
  • Experimental Solar House (121 kWh/mÇ) versus a low energy case (102 kWh/mÇ).
  • Experimental Solar House (121 kWh/mÇ) versus contemporary house (368 kWh/mÇ)




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